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There was once a time when physicists thought that they had finally proved how the universe worked. They had formulae for everything ie the gravity of a planet, the parabolic motion of objects etc. But then they had difficulty in explaining the properties of light, especially the light coming from a heated gas. When gas is heated and placed behind a prism, distinct bands of light, separated by spaces are seen. This led to a higher study which proved that most of the things in classical mechanics did not apply to very small particles that is quantum particles. After this, physics was split into two parts quantum physics and classical physics. Quantum particles displayed a wide range of properties which was not to be obtained by bigger particles. But the problem here was that all particles were made of quantum particles.
The scientists were in disarray, one moment they thought they had physics in the hands and the next they had lost it. Some specialities of quantum particles is that they never tend to be in one position ,they move around, from orbital to orbital, seemingly without travelling the spaces in between. This was an explanation to the distinct colours of light which the scientist got by looking at superheated gas through a prism. When an electron is heated it gets excited. This makes it jump from one orbital to another. When an electron moves from a higher orbital to a lower one it produces light of different wavelengths, this caused the distinct bands of light. There is also another peculiar property that quantum particles show: entanglement. The entanglement theory by Niels Bohr said that when two quantum particles are brought close enough, they get entangled, now however far they are taken away from each other they still will be entangled. And the spooky part is, if you measure one of the entangled particles it will immediately have an effect on the other and its value will change ie. it is because I measured this particle that the others value changed. Einstein was a man who would not believe in this 'spooky action ' as he called it, he thought that there would be a better explanation to this. He said that entangled particles were like a pair of gloves if I get one and see it's left the other one will,obviously be of the right hands. Another thing about quantum particles, is that they travel like a wave. The height of the wave determines the possibility of finding a quantum particle or in simpler words the higher the wave the more possibility of a quantum particle being there. So you're not allowed to ask a question where can I find a quantum particle but you're allowed to ask - if I look for a quantum particle in this particular crest of a wave what is the possibility of finding it. Einstein was still unconvinced that every thing in the universe is ruled by probability and said that God does not play dice. After hearing this theory Einstein repeated his statement, then Bohr strongly replied by saying, "stop telling god what to do." On 18 April 1955 Einstein passed away still believing that the quantum theory was incomplete. But then Einsteins work was taken up by an unlikely recruit, John F Clauser was a graduate student trying to get a PhD in physics, the only thing standing in his way was his grades in quantum mechanics, he simply counl understand the laws governing it. One day he went to the library to do some research when he found a book written by Irish physicist John Bell which could finally prove the entanglement theory and say who was right Einstein or Bohr. Bell had actually turned the theoretical question into an experimental one, Clauser now built the apparatus and his discovery was shocking, the entanglement theory did exist and more importantly Bohr was right it was indeed spooky action at a distance. With this discovery scientists at Canary Islands can teleport minute particles. They first entangle two particles and makes another particle interact with the first particle and it is observed that the particle which is interacted with the first particle is destroyed and an exact replica is created near the second entangled particle. This could be used for human teleportation in future. The End In the 1980s after the arab crisis OPEC tripled the price of oil. At that time America recognized themselves vulnerable because they exported 70% of all the oil they consumed. The President of the US at that time was Richard Nixon. He sent his Secretary of state Henry Kissinger to Saudi Arabia to secure a reliable foreign source of oil. A pact was signed between Saudi Arabia and America which said America would protect Saudi Arabia and make sure the house of Sa'ad would stay in power if Saudi sold petroleum in US dollars. Subsequently all the other OPEC nations accepted the US dollars as the default medium for purchasing oil. This created a global demand for the US dollars. As these dollars were circulating outside the US it was given another name - the petrodollar
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